Schools in Italy: Primary, Secondary & International Education

Italy’s education system offers a broad spectrum of opportunities for local and international families alike, with well-structured pathways from primary through secondary levels. The country’s public schools are renowned for their academic rigor and inclusivity, while private and international schools provide alternative approaches and globally recognised curricula. This dynamic mix ensures that families can find options tailored to their children’s learning needs, language backgrounds, and future ambitions.

This guide delivers a clear, comprehensive overview of Italy’s schooling landscape, simplifying complex procedures around enrolment, curricula, and progression through the system. Whether you are relocating to Italy or researching for your child’s educational future, you’ll find practical insights into admissions, school choices, and language support. With accessible explanations and up-to-date details, the article is especially useful for readers from diverse backgrounds, helping everyone navigate the Italian education system with confidence.

Schools in Italy: Overview of the Italian Education System

The Italian education system is predominantly state funded, with public schools being the most common choice for families across the country. This system emphasises broad access to education, reflecting a commitment to providing schooling for all children residing in Italy, irrespective of their nationality.

Education Structure: Stages from Preschool to University

The Italian education journey is broadly categorised into cycles and stages, beginning with optional pre-primary education and progressing through compulsory schooling to higher education. These stages include: Scuola dell’infanzia (Pre-primary Education, ages 3-6), Scuola primaria (Primary Education, ages 6-11), Scuola secondaria di primo grado (Lower Secondary Education, ages 11-14), and Scuola secondaria di secondo grado (Upper Secondary Education, ages 14-19), which then leads to Università (Higher Education) for those pursuing tertiary studies. Each stage is designed to build upon the knowledge and skills acquired in the preceding one, providing a structured educational progression.

Compulsory Schooling and Legal Requirements

Education in Italy is compulsory for 10 years, encompassing the ages of six to sixteen. This mandate covers primary school, lower secondary school, and the initial two years of upper secondary school. The state ensures that all children within this age bracket receive an education, reinforcing the fundamental right to learning.

National Curriculum and School Autonomy

The Italian Ministry of Public Education plays a central role in overseeing the national curriculum and teaching methodologies employed across all schools. While the State holds exclusive legislative authority on general education matters, regions share legislative authority on specific educational issues, with vocational education and training being an exclusive regional competence. Importantly, schools in Italy are granted autonomy in their didactic, organisational, research, and developmental activities, allowing for some flexibility within the national framework.

Education for Foreign and EU Children

Italy’s education system is designed to be inclusive, welcoming all children regardless of their nationality. Children of EU citizens, in particular, are entitled to attend school under the same conditions as Italian nationals. This includes placement in their age-appropriate group, even if they have limited Italian language proficiency, and access to free language tuition, especially for those who have migrated for work purposes.

Public Schools in Italy: The State Education System

Public schools, known as scuole pubbliche or scuole statali, form the backbone of the Italian education system. These institutions are a popular choice for the vast majority of Italian families and are also a viable option for expatriates seeking an immersive experience for their children.

Free Education and Broad Access

One of the most significant advantages of public schools in Italy is that they are generally free and accessible to everyone, including foreign residents. This broad access ensures that education is not limited by financial means, aligning with the constitutional right to education for all. While tuition is free, families may incur minor costs for school supplies, trips, or lunch services, which can vary based on the region and family income.

Curriculum, Class Size, and Teaching Style

Public schools adhere to the national curriculum set by the Ministry of Education, ensuring a standardised educational foundation across the country. Class sizes in public primary schools typically range from 26 to 27 students, with an average of around 20 students, which is below the OECD average. Lower secondary schools tend to have slightly larger classes, averaging about 20 students. The teaching style in public primary schools often incorporates rote memorisation as a method of learning.

School Hours and the Academic Calendar

The academic year in Italy typically commences in September and concludes in mid-June. For primary schools, the weekly school hours usually range from 24 to 40 hours. Many schools operate from Monday to Friday, though some may have shorter sessions on Saturdays. This structure provides a consistent learning environment throughout the academic year.

Support for Migrant and Refugee Children

The Italian Ministry of Education actively supports the integration of migrant children and refugees into the school system. Public primary schools are often equipped to provide linguistic support to students who have limited knowledge of the Italian language. This vital assistance helps new arrivals adapt to their learning environment and participate fully in their education.

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Private Schools in Italy: Fees, Flexibility, and Philosophy

While public schools are widely utilised, private schools in Italy offer alternative educational approaches and facilities, often at a cost. These institutions cater to families seeking different pedagogical philosophies or specific religious affiliations.

Types of Private Schools and Educational Approaches

Private schools in Italy encompass a range of options. Many have a religious affiliation, with Catholic schools being the most prevalent, though Muslim, Jewish, or Buddhist schools also exist. Beyond religious institutions, there are private schools that offer alternative teaching methods, such as Montessori or Steiner education, which focus on child-centered learning and holistic development.

Costs and Tuition Ranges by Level

Attending a private school in Italy involves tuition fees, which can vary significantly depending on the level of education and the school’s prestige. For primary schools, annual fees can range from €4,000 to €27,000. These costs generally increase with the educational level, reflecting the more specialised curricula and resources offered at higher grades.

Curriculum and Recognition of Scuole Paritarie

Many private schools, known as scuole paritarie, are state-recognised and follow the same academic standards and curricula as public schools. This recognition ensures that the education provided is on par with the state system, and diplomas are officially recognised. While adhering to the national curriculum, these schools often offer smaller class sizes, greater flexibility in teaching methodologies, and a wider array of extracurricular activities compared to their public counterparts.

International Schools in Italy: A Global Education Choice

International schools are a particularly attractive option for expatriate families and those with a diplomatic background in Italy. They provide an educational environment that often aligns with global standards and offers diverse curricula, easing transitions for students moving between countries.

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Popular Among Expats and Diplomatic Families

International schools in Italy are highly sought after by expat and diplomatic communities due to their ability to provide a familiar educational framework and a multicultural environment. These schools typically host children from a wide range of nationalities, fostering a global perspective and smooth integration for new arrivals.

International Curricula: IB, British, American, and More

A key feature of international schools is the variety of globally recognizsd curricula they offer. Common options include the International Baccalaureate (IB) Diploma Programme, the British Curriculum (leading to IGCSEs and A Levels), and the American Curriculum. Additionally, some schools may offer Canadian, French, German, or Japanese education systems, providing extensive choices for families. Method-based approaches like Montessori and Reggio Emilia are also found in some international settings.

Locations and Well-Known International Schools in Italy

International schools are primarily concentrated in Italy’s major cities, such as Rome, Milan, Florence, and Naples, where expat communities are larger. Prominent examples include the American Overseas School of Rome (AOSR), St George’s British International School, and Marymount International School Rome. Other notable institutions include the International School of Florence, The British School of Milan, and the American School of Milan, among many others spread across the country.

Tuition Fees and Additional Costs

The cost of attending international schools in Italy is generally higher than both public and private Italian schools. Annual tuition fees can range significantly, typically from €6,000 to €25,000, depending on the school’s location, the curriculum offered, and the facilities provided. Beyond tuition, families should anticipate additional costs for registration fees, uniforms, textbooks, extracurricular activities, and transportation, which can add €1,000 or more to the annual expenses.

Admissions, Mobility Support, and Mental Health Services

International schools are typically well-equipped to manage the admissions of relocating families throughout the academic year, often offering expedited application processes. They are also adept at providing support to students who may be struggling to adapt to expat life, offering a range of linguistic, developmental, and mental health services to ensure a smooth transition and overall well-being.

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Italian School Levels and Educational Stages Explained

Understanding the distinct levels of education in Italy is essential for navigating the system. Each stage builds upon the last, guiding students through their academic journey from early childhood to preparation for higher education.

Pre-primary Education: Scuola dell’infanzia (Ages 3–6)

Pre-primary education, known as Scuola dell’infanzia, is optional but widely attended in Italy. This stage caters to children aged 3 to 6 years and focuses on play-based learning and the development of early social skills. It includes both “day nursery” (nido d’infanzia) for children aged 3 months to 3 years and “nursery school” (scuola dell’infanzia) for those aged 3 to 6 years. Public preschools predominantly use Italian, and while the government subsidises many, costs can vary by region and family income. Expats often consider private pre-primary schools where English is more commonly spoken.

Primary Education: Scuola primaria (Ages 6–11)

Scuola primaria, or primary education, is compulsory for children aged 6 to 11 and spans five years. The curriculum at this stage focuses on establishing foundational knowledge in core subjects, including Italian language, mathematics, science, history, geography, English, music, and social studies. The primary goal is to provide students with a solid academic base.

Lower Secondary Education: Scuola secondaria di primo grado (Ages 11–14)

Following primary school, Scuola secondaria di primo grado (lower secondary education) is compulsory for students aged 11 to 14, lasting three years. This stage expands upon the foundational knowledge, introducing a more diverse range of subjects, such as technology, art, music, and an additional foreign language. Students culminate this stage by taking an examination called the Esame di Terza Media.

Upper Secondary Education: Liceo, Istituto Tecnico, Istituto Professionale (Ages 14–19)

Upper secondary education, or Scuola secondaria di secondo grado, caters to students aged 14 to 19 and lasts for five years. After completing the first cycle of education, or after the first two compulsory years of upper secondary, students choose between academic or vocational streams.

Liceo (Lyceums) offers an academically focused path, preparing students for university with specialised tracks in classical studies, sciences, foreign languages, or arts. Istituti Tecnici (Technical Institutes) combine theoretical knowledge with practical skills, offering specialisations in fields like IT, engineering, business, and tourism, often including internships in the final year. Istituti d’Arte (Artistic Institutes) are three-year programs designed for those pursuing creative careers in visual arts, design, and craftsmanship.

Istituti Professionali (Vocational Programs) provide hands-on training in specific job sectors, such as agriculture, hospitality, or social services, typically lasting 3-5 years and often leading directly into the workforce.

Final Exam: Esame di Stato or Maturità

The culmination of upper secondary education is the State Exam, widely known as Esame di Stato or Maturità. Students must successfully pass this comprehensive examination after five years of upper secondary schooling to be eligible to apply for university or pursue a career directly. Approximately 96% of students successfully pass this exam annually, indicating a high rate of academic completion.

Grading System and Student Assessment in Italy

The Italian education system employs distinct grading scales for different educational levels, ensuring a comprehensive assessment of student performance from primary school through university.

10-Point Scale in Schools

In both primary and secondary schools, a 10-point grading scale is utilised, where 6 is the minimum passing grade. A score of 9-10 signifies “Ottimo” (Excellent), 8-8.99 is “Distinto” (Very Good), 7-7.99 is “Buono” (Good), and 6-6.99 is “Sufficiente” (Sufficient). Any grade below 6, typically 0-5.99, is considered “Respinto” (Fail). This system provides a clear metric for academic achievement and areas needing improvement.

University Grading System (30-Point Scale)

The grading system at Italian universities differs, typically employing a 30-point scale. On this scale, 18 is the minimum passing grade for any course. This system allows for finer distinctions in academic performance at the tertiary level. Examinations at the university level can encompass both written and oral components, often with significant emphasis on oral examinations.

Exams, Participation, and Continuous Assessment

Student assessment throughout the Italian school system involves a combination of methods. Beyond formal examinations, continuous assessment and classroom participation play a significant role in determining a student’s overall grade. This holistic approach ensures that a student’s engagement and progress are evaluated consistently, not solely based on high-stakes tests.

Inclusive Education and Support for Special Needs

Italy is recognised for its commitment to inclusive education, actively integrating students with special needs into mainstream schools rather than relying on segregated special education facilities.

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Personalised Education Plans (PEIs) and Support Teachers

A cornerstone of inclusive education in Italy is the Personalised Education Plan (PEI). For each child with special needs, public schools collaborate with the Ministry of Education to develop a PEI, which outlines an individualised support strategy tailored to their specific requirements. Additionally, support teachers (insegnanti di sostegno) are often present in classrooms, working one-on-one with students and, if necessary, recommending external care or specialised interventions.

Integration Within Public and Private Schools

Italy’s inclusive philosophy means that there are generally no specialised schools exclusively for children with learning difficulties or disabilities. Instead, the aim is to integrate these students into regular public and private schools, promoting an environment of diversity and mutual learning. This integration is supported by legislative frameworks that ensure the right of all disabled pupils to attend mainstream education.

Hospital Schools for Chronically Ill Students

For children with chronic or severe health conditions that necessitate prolonged hospitalisation or home care, Italy provides “hospital schools” (La Scuola in Ospedale). These specialised educational settings utilise Personalised Education Plans (PEIs) to help students continue their studies and keep pace with their peers, ensuring their right to education is maintained despite their health challenges. This initiative underscores Italy’s dedication to supporting all students’ educational journeys.

Cost of Education in Italy: Public vs. Private and International

The financial commitment for education in Italy varies greatly depending on the type of institution, ranging from almost free public schooling to significant fees for private and international options.

Free Public Schooling and Minimal Fees

Public education in Italy is generally free at all levels, from preschool through high school. This accessibility is a key characteristic of the Italian system, ensuring that quality education is available to all. While tuition is free, families may encounter minimal fees for various necessities, such as school materials, extracurricular trips, examination fees, or lunch services. These minor expenses can fluctuate based on the specific region and the family’s income level, with subsidies often available for lower-income households.

Private School Tuition by Grade Level

Private schools in Italy, while offering alternative educational models, come with tuition costs. These fees vary considerably based on the educational stage. For preschool, annual tuition typically ranges from €2,500 to €8,000. Elementary school fees generally fall between €3,000 and €10,000 per year, while middle school can cost between €4,000 and €15,000 annually. For high school, families can expect to pay anywhere from €5,000 to €20,000 per year. Overall, the range for private primary and secondary education can be broadly stated as €4,000 to €27,000 per year.

International School Fees and Additional Expenses

International schools represent the most expensive educational option in Italy. Tuition fees for these institutions are typically much higher than those for public or private Italian schools. For nursery/preschool, annual fees can range from €3,000 to €10,000. Primary school fees generally fall between €6,000 and €15,000, while middle school costs can range from €8,000 to €18,000. High school fees are the highest, typically between €12,000 and €25,000 per year. The general range for international school tuition is from €6,000 to €25,000 annually. Additionally, families should budget for significant extra costs such as registration fees, uniforms, textbooks, extracurricular activities, and transportation, which can easily add more than €1,000 per year to the overall expense.

Financial Aid and Scholarships in the Italian Education System

To ensure broader access to education, various forms of financial aid and scholarships are available within the Italian education system, catering to different levels and student profiles.

Government Subsidies and the Fondo Unico Scheme

The Italian government provides support programs designed to assist lower-income families with schooling costs. One such initiative is the Fondo Unico (Single Fund) scheme, which helps cover expenses like textbooks, transportation, and school meals. These subsidies aim to reduce the financial burden on families and promote equitable access to education for all.

Private and International School Financial Assistance

While private and international schools are fee-paying, some institutions offer their own forms of financial assistance. This can include flexible payment plans or a limited number of scholarships, often awarded based on a combination of educational merit and demonstrated financial need. Families interested in these options should inquire directly with the schools.

Scholarships for International and University Students

For international students and those pursuing higher education, a wider array of scholarships is available. The Italian Government, through the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation (MAECI), offers scholarships to foreign students, often covering tuition fees, living costs, and health insurance. Many Italian universities also provide their own specific scholarship programs. To be competitive for these opportunities, applicants typically need good academic grades, strong letters of recommendation, and a compelling statement of purpose.

Tertiary Education in Italy: Universities and Beyond

Italy’s tertiary education sector is renowned globally, particularly for its strengths in arts, design, engineering, and humanities. It operates under the framework of the Bologna Process, ensuring comparability with other European higher education systems.

The Bologna Process: Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctorate

Italian tertiary education adheres to the Bologna Process, a European initiative to standardise higher education degrees. This system divides university education into three main levels: Laurea (Bachelor’s degree), which typically lasts three years; Laurea Magistrale (Master’s degree), a two-year program following the Bachelor’s; and Dottorato di Ricerca (Doctorate), which is a research-focused program. This structure facilitates academic recognition and student mobility across Europe.

Public vs. Private Universities: Cost and Curriculum

The majority of universities in Italy are public institutions, known for their relatively low tuition fees, especially for EU students. Public universities follow curricula set by national guidelines, offering a wide range of subjects. Private universities, while generally more expensive, often offer more specialised programs and may have a greater focus on international curricula and teaching methodologies. Both public and private institutions contribute significantly to Italy’s academic landscape.

Top Italian Universities and Global Rankings

Italy holds a strong position in global education rankings, being placed 11th worldwide according to the Global Citizen Solutions, Global Education Report, with a score of 73.14. The country is particularly recognised for its excellence in fields such as arts, design, engineering, and humanities. Some of Italy’s top-ranked universities include the University of Bologna, Sapienza University of Rome, University of Milan, Polytechnic University of Milan, and the University of Padua, all of which attract a significant number of both domestic and international students.

English-Language Programs and Study Visa Work Rights

A growing number of Italian universities offer degree programs taught entirely in English, particularly at the graduate level. This development has made Italy an increasingly attractive destination for international students who may not be proficient in Italian. For international students holding an Italy study visa, there are provisions allowing them to work part-time for up to 20 hours per week, helping to offset living costs during their studies. The overall cost of studying and living in Italy is significantly lower compared to countries like the US, making it a more accessible option for many.

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School Calendar and Enrolment Process

Navigating the Italian school system also involves understanding its academic calendar and the procedures for enrolling children, particularly for families new to the country.

School Year Duration and Holidays

The Italian school year typically spans from September to mid-June. Within this period, there are various holidays, including national public holidays, a winter break (around Christmas and New Year), and an Easter break, similar to many other European countries. The exact dates for the start and end of terms, as well as specific holiday periods, can vary slightly by region.

Enrolment for Local and Expat Families

For compulsory schools, the enrolment of a minor can generally be completed at any point during the academic year following their arrival in Italy. This flexibility is particularly helpful for expat families who may be relocating mid-year. The process usually involves submitting necessary documentation to the chosen school, which can include proof of residence, identification, and previous school records.

Orientation and Family-Teacher Interaction

Upon enrolment, parents often have the opportunity to meet with teachers to receive information regarding school attendance, required supplies, and classroom expectations. For new families, particularly expats, this initial interaction can include a “family presentation,” which helps teachers understand the child’s background and facilitates their integration into the school community. While public schools may have less formal parent organisations, direct communication between parents and teachers is a common practice.

Strengths and Challenges of the Italian School System

Like any national education framework, the Italian school system possesses both notable strengths and areas that present challenges, sparking ongoing discussions about reform and improvement.

Strengths: Access, Curriculum, and University Affordability

The Italian education system’s strengths include its high enrolment rates, with nearly 100% participation in primary and lower secondary education, demonstrating broad access. The comprehensive national curriculum provides a strong academic foundation, and the high pass rate for the Esame di Stato (around 96%) indicates successful completion of secondary education for most students. Furthermore, the affordability of public university tuition makes higher education accessible to a wide demographic, aligning with European standards and fostering a strong academic tradition.

Challenges: Regional Disparities and Outdated Curricula

Despite its strengths, the Italian school system faces challenges, particularly concerning regional disparities. Schools in Northern Italy often benefit from better funding and tend to exhibit higher student performance compared to those in the South. This “gap between north and south” is a persistent issue. Additionally, there are calls to modernise some aspects of the curriculum to better incorporate digital skills and critical thinking, addressing concerns that parts of the curriculum may be outdated in a rapidly evolving world.

Calls for Education Reform in Italy

The existence of these challenges has led to ongoing debate and calls for education reform in Italy. Efforts are being made to address regional inequalities, improve funding distribution, and update curricula to better prepare students for the demands of the modern workforce and global society. The “La buona scuola” reform adopted in 2015, for example, aimed to strengthen school-work relationships and enhance digital skills, reflecting a national commitment to continuous improvement in education.

Parental Involvement in Education

Parental involvement in a child’s education is a crucial aspect of their development, and the ways in which parents interact with schools can vary within the Italian system.

Communication with Teachers in Public Schools

In public schools, direct communication with teachers is the primary form of parental involvement. While formal parent organisations like Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs) are not as common as in some other countries, parents are encouraged to maintain open lines of communication with their children’s educators to discuss academic progress, behaviour, and any concerns. This direct interaction ensures that parents are informed and can contribute to their child’s educational journey.

PTAs and Community in International Schools

In contrast, many international schools in Italy actively promote and often have well-established Parent-Teacher Associations (PTAs). These PTAs play a significant role in fostering a strong school community, facilitating communication between parents and staff, organising fundraising events, and assisting in the integration of new families. The emphasis on community involvement in international schools often provides a more structured platform for parental engagement.

Homeschooling in Italy: Legal Framework and Requirements

Homeschooling, or “educazione parentale,” is a legal option in Italy, although it is not as widespread as traditional schooling. Its popularity has seen some growth, particularly in recent years.

Growth Since COVID-19 and Monitoring by Schools

While not historically common, homeschooling in Italy has experienced increased interest, especially since the COVID-19 pandemic, as families explored alternative educational arrangements. The legal framework for homeschooling requires parents to notify the appropriate school authorities annually of their intention to homeschool. The local school district, and even the mayor of the town, are responsible for monitoring that the homeschooled child receives a proper education, ensuring compliance with compulsory education requirements.

Exam Requirements and Parental Responsibilities

Parents or guardians choosing to homeschool must provide a self-certification to the school district, stating that they possess the “technical” (educational background) and “economic” capacity to educate their children at home. An important legal requirement for homeschooled students in Italy is the obligation to take annual exams as external candidates at a public or state-recognised private (paritaria) school. These exams are essential for students to progress to the next grade level and ultimately to complete their compulsory education, demonstrating that they are meeting academic standards.

Conclusion

The Italian education system is a dynamic and multifaceted landscape, offering a range of options from comprehensive public schooling to specialised private and international institutions. Its commitment to inclusive education, coupled with a rich academic tradition, ensures that children of all backgrounds have access to learning. While challenges such as regional disparities and the need for curriculum modernisation exist, ongoing reforms and the dedication of educators and families contribute to its continuous evolution. For both local residents and expatriates, understanding the intricacies of primary, secondary, and tertiary education in Italy is key to making informed decisions for a child’s academic future.